Linux command Line

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LINUX COMMAND

• pwd command

Use the pwd command to find out the path of the current working directory (folder) you’re in. The command will return an absolute  (full) path, which is basically a path of all the directories that starts with a forward slash (/). An example of an absolute path is  /home/username.

• cd command

 Let’s say you’re in /home/username/Documents and you want to go to Photos, a subdirectory of   Documents. To do so, simply type the following command: cd Photos

 There are some shortcuts to help you navigate quickly:

 cd .. (with two dots) to move one directory up cd to go straight to

 the home folder cd- (with a hyphen) to move to your previous directory

• ls command

 If you want to see the content of other directories, type ls and then the directory’s path. For example, enter ls /home/username/Documents to view the content of Documents

       

         There are variations you can use with the ls command:

• ls -R will list all the files in the sub-directories as well
• ls -a will show the hidden files
•  ls -al will list the files and directories with detailed information like the permissions, size, owner, etc.

        

• cat command

It is used to list the contents of a file on the standard output (sdout);

• cat filename creates a new file
• cat filename1 filename2 filename3 joins two files (1 and 2) and stores the output of them in a new file (3)
• to convert a file to upper or lower case use, cat filename | tr a-z A-Z output.txt

• mv command

The arguments in mv are similar to the cp command. You need to type mv, the file’s name, and the destination’s directory. For example: mv file.txt /home/username/Documents.

To rename files, the Linux command is mv oldname.ext newname.ext

• mkdir command

 

Use mkdir command to make a new directory — if you type mkdir Music it will create a directory called Music.

To generate a new directory inside another directory, use this Linux basic command mkdir Music/Newfile use the p (parents) option to create a directory in between two existing directories. For example, mkdir -p Music/2020/Newfile will create the new “2020” file.

• rmdir command

you need to delete a directory, use the rmdir command. However, rmdir only allows you to delete empty directories

• rm command

The rm command is used to delete directories and the contents within them. If you only want to delete the directory — as an alternative to rmdir — use rm -r.

• touch command

The touch command allows you to create a blank new file through the Linux command line. As an example, enter touch /home/username/Documents/Web.html to create an HTML file entitled Web under the Documents directory.

• find command

using find also searches for files and directorie

• sudo command

“SuperUser Do”, this command enables you to perform tasks that require administrative or root permissions. However, it is not advisable to use this command for daily use because it might be easy for an error to occur if you did something wrong.

• df command

Use df command to get a report on the system’s disk space usage, shown in percentage and KBs. If you want to see the report in megabytes, type df -m.

• du command

If you want to check how much space a file or a directory takes, the du (Disk Usage) command is the answer

If you want to see it in bytes, kilobytes, and megabytes, add the -h argument to the command line

• head command

The head command is used to view the first lines of any text file.

By default, it will show the first ten lines, but you can change this number to your liking. For example, if you only want to show the first five lines, type head -n 5 filename.ext.

• tail command

This one has a similar function to the head command, but instead of showing the first lines, the tail command will display the last ten lines of a text file. For example, tail -n filename.ext.

• diff command

the diff command compares the contents of two files line by line. After analyzing the files, it will output the lines that do not match.

• tar command

The tar command is the most used command to archive multiple files into a tarball — a common Linux file format that is similar to zip format, with compression being optional.

• chmod command

chmod is another Linux command, used to change the read, write, and execute permissions of files and directories.

• chown command

The chown command enables you to change or transfer the ownership of a file to the specified username. For instance, chown linuxuser2 file.ext will make linuxuser2 as the owner of the file.ext.

• ping command

the ping command to check your connectivity status to a server. For example, by simply entering ping google.com, the command will check whether you’re able to connect to Google and also measure the response time.

• wget command

The Linux command line is super useful — you can even download files from the internet with the help of the wget command. To do so, simply type wget followed by the download link

• history command

When you’ve been using Linux for a certain period of time, you’ll quickly notice that you can run hundreds of commands every day. As such, running history command is particularly useful if you want to review the commands you’ve entered before.

• echo command

This command is used to move some data into a file. For example, if you want to add the text, “Hello, my name is John” into a file called name.txt, you would type echo Hello, my name is John name.txt

• cp command

   the cp command to copy files from the current directory to a different directory.

the command cp scenery.jpg /home/username/Pictures would create a copy of scenery.jpg (from your current directory) into the Pictures directory